C2 · Proficiency · Lesson 2

A Modicum Of, A Dearth Of, Copious, Ample, Sundry, Manifold, Myriad

Formal and literary precision in expressing quantity

Language Focus

At C2, quantifiers reach their most formal and literary register, often found in essays, literary prose, and elevated spoken discourse rather than everyday conversation.

WordUseExample
a modicum ofUncountable, formal, "a small amount"Even mundane letters possessed a modicum of deliberateness.
a dearth ofCountable/uncountable, formal, "a lack or shortage of"Scholars noted a dearth of literary merit in most letters.
copiousUncountable, formal, "abundant, plentiful"We exchange messages that are copious in number.
ampleCountable/uncountable, formal, "more than enough"Thought had ample room to settle before words were sent.
sundryCountable (plural), formal/literary, "various, miscellaneous"Consider the sundry implements once required to write a letter.
manifoldCountable (plural), formal/literary, "many and various"The manifold small rituals of addressing an envelope by hand.
myriadCountable (plural), formal/literary, "innumerable"We exchange a myriad of hurried messages within minutes.

Key contrast: "copious / ample / myriad / manifold" all emphasise a large or varied quantity, while "a modicum of / a dearth of" emphasise a small amount or shortage – these belong to formal, often literary, written English rather than everyday speech.

Reading: On the Diminishing Art of Letter-Writing

On the Diminishing Art of Letter-Writing There was a time when correspondence demanded patience: a letter, once sent, might travel for days before eliciting a reply, and in that interval, thought had ample room to settle before words were finally committed to paper. Today, by contrast, we exchange a myriad of hurried messages within minutes, each one thinner in substance than the last, however copious in number. This is not to suggest that earlier generations wrote with uniform brilliance; scholars have long noted a dearth of literary merit in the vast majority of historical correspondence, most of which concerned nothing more exalted than the price of grain or the health of distant relatives. Still, even the most mundane letters possessed a modicum of deliberateness that our present exchanges seldom achieve. Consider the sundry implements once required: the blotting paper, the sealing wax, the manifold small rituals of folding and addressing an envelope by hand. Each was a minor obstacle, and each obstacle, paradoxically, invited a kind of care that speed now renders unnecessary. Whether this trade-off constitutes progress remains, perhaps, ample cause for genuine debate.

1. Odd One Out

In each set, three sentences use the quantifier logically. One doesn't make sense – find it.

2. Multiple Choice

Context: a theatre review

Choose the correct word.

3. Matching

Context: a philosophy essay excerpt

Match each sentence to its meaning.

4. Gap Fill

Context: an essay on silence in the digital age

Complete this passage with the correct quantifier for each gap.

5. Error Identification

Context: a legal brief / court judgment excerpt

Each sentence has one wrong quantifier. Click the wrong word, then choose why it's wrong.

6. Sentence Reordering

Context: a radio discussion on classical music

Click the sentences in the correct order to rebuild the conversation.

7. Complete the Conversation

Context: a job interview for a museum directorship

Choose the correct word for each gap.

Your Scores

0 / 43

Total points across all exercises

ExerciseScore
1. Odd One Out0 / 5
2. Multiple Choice0 / 6
3. Matching0 / 5
4. Gap Fill0 / 5
5. Error Identification0 / 10
6. Sentence Reordering0 / 5
7. Conversation0 / 7