C2 · Proficiency · Lesson 1

A Modicum Of, A Dearth Of, Copious, Ample, Sundry, Manifold, Myriad

Formal and literary precision in expressing quantity

Language Focus

At C2, quantifiers reach their most formal and literary register, often found in essays, literary prose, and elevated spoken discourse rather than everyday conversation.

WordUseExample
a modicum ofUncountable, formal, "a small amount"Such places offer a modicum of resistance to homogenisation.
a dearth ofCountable/uncountable, formal, "a lack or shortage of"There is now a dearth of anything resembling character.
copiousUncountable, formal, "abundant, plentiful"The city furnishes the wanderer with copious rewards.
ampleCountable/uncountable, formal, "more than enough"There was ample variety before the high street changed.
sundryCountable (plural), formal/literary, "various, miscellaneous"The window was cluttered with sundry oddments.
manifoldCountable (plural), formal/literary, "many and various"The city reveals its manifold contradictions on foot.
myriadCountable (plural), formal/literary, "innumerable"A myriad of small discoveries await the curious wanderer.

Key contrast: "copious / ample / myriad / manifold" all emphasise a large or varied quantity, while "a modicum of / a dearth of" emphasise a small amount or shortage – these belong to formal, often literary, written English rather than everyday speech.

Reading: On the Art of Wandering: A Reflection on the Modern City

On the Art of Wandering: A Reflection on the Modern City To wander a city without purpose is to encounter its manifold contradictions: gleaming towers standing sentinel over crumbling terraces, and quiet courtyards tucked improbably behind a cacophony of traffic. The modern city, for all its sundry distractions, rewards the attentive stroller with details that hurried commuters rarely notice. Consider, for instance, the ordinary shopfront: its faded awning, its window cluttered with sundry oddments accumulated over decades of trade. Such places offer a modicum of resistance to the relentless homogenisation of the high street, even as their numbers dwindle. Where once there was ample variety, there is now, in many towns, a dearth of anything resembling character at all. And yet the city continues to furnish the curious wanderer with copious rewards. A myriad of small discoveries await: an unexpected mural, a bench positioned just so beneath a plane tree, the scent of bread drifting from a doorway. These are not grand revelations, but they accumulate into something like understanding - the sense that a place, however overlooked, contains ample reason to be looked at more closely.

1. Odd One Out

In each set, three sentences use the quantifier logically. One doesn't make sense – find it.

2. Multiple Choice

Context: a restaurant review

Choose the correct word.

3. Matching

Context: a history book excerpt

Match each sentence to its meaning.

4. Gap Fill

Context: an essay on the craft of translation

Complete this passage with the correct quantifier for each gap.

5. Error Identification

Context: an academic peer review comment

Each sentence has one wrong quantifier. Click the wrong word, then choose why it's wrong.

6. Sentence Reordering

Context: a literary panel discussion

Click the sentences in the correct order to rebuild the conversation.

7. Complete the Conversation

Context: a curator's gallery talk

Choose the correct word for each gap.

Your Scores

0 / 43

Total points across all exercises

ExerciseScore
1. Odd One Out0 / 5
2. Multiple Choice0 / 6
3. Matching0 / 5
4. Gap Fill0 / 5
5. Error Identification0 / 10
6. Sentence Reordering0 / 5
7. Conversation0 / 7